Emoxypine
Hydroxypyridine antioxidant neuroprotectant (Mexidol) with human stroke trials.
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Pharmacology
Contents
WHAT IS EMOXYPINE?
Detailed overview
Emoxypine (2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine) is a hydroxypyridine antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing compound; its succinate salt is marketed as Mexidol, an approved medicine in Russia and the CIS states. Its primary action is inhibition of free-radical lipid peroxidation together with upregulation of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), while the succinate moiety serves as a mitochondrial energy substrate supporting ATP production during oxygen deprivation. It also modulates the membrane-bound GABA-A/benzodiazepine receptor complex, contributing to calming, anxiolytic effects. Several Russian/CIS randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (EPICA, MIR) evaluated it in the acute and early recovery phases of ischemic stroke; Western regulatory approval, however, is absent.
Mechanism
Antioxidant + membrane stabilizer + GABA-A modulation
Evidence
Russian/CIS human RCTs (stroke); no Western validation
Legal status
Prescription drug in Russia/CIS; not FDA/EMA
Receptor profile
- Free-radical oxidation / lipid peroxidationStrong
- Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, glutathione peroxidase)Moderate
- GABA-A / benzodiazepine receptor complexModerate
- Cerebral blood flow / mitochondrial ATP productionModerate
Safety
Side effects, stop signs, contraindications
Side effects · 5
- Mild drowsiness or sedation, especially at higher doses
- Nausea, dry mouth or mild stomach upset
- Transient metallic taste, throat irritation or warmth on intravenous administration
- Rarely, allergic skin reaction (rash, itching)
- Most human safety data come from Russian/CIS clinical trials; Western regulatory review is lacking
Contraindications · 4
- Acute liver or kidney failure
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding: safety not sufficiently established, avoid
- Known hypersensitivity to pyridine derivatives or to succinate
- Caution with CNS depressants (additive sedation possible)
Related Nootropics
Same therapeutic category
Studies
Related research and clinical findings
Results of a randomized double blind multicenter placebo-controlled trial of mexidol efficacy and safety in hemispheric ischemic stroke (EPICA)
Skvortsova VI, Stakhovskaya LV, Narbut AI, et al.
Results of the international multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial for the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the sequential therapy with ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate in patients in the acute and early recovery periods of ischemic stroke (MIR)
Stakhovskaya LV, et al.
Efficacy and safety of mexidol across age groups in the acute and early recovery stages of hemispheric ischemic stroke
Fedin AI, Zakharov VV, Tanashyan MM, et al.
Study of the efficacy and safety of sequential use of the drugs Mexidol and Mexidol FORTE 250 in the treatment of stroke
Fedin AI, et al.
The known and new ideas about the mechanism of action and the spectrum of effects of Mexidol
Voronina TA, et al.
FAQ
FAQ
Hydroxypyridine antioxidant neuroprotectant (Mexidol) with human stroke trials.
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Structure & chemistry
The information here is strictly for educational and scientific purposes. It does not replace medical advice or clinical consultation, and it does not encourage illegal substance or pharmaceutical use. Data is sourced. When in doubt, consult your doctor.