IDRA‑21
Benzothiadiazine ampakine, AMPA-PAM, preclinical data only.
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Pharmacology
Contents
WHAT IS IDRA-21?
Detailed overview
IDRA-21 is a benzothiadiazine ampakine, a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-type glutamate receptors that slows receptor desensitization, producing a larger and more sustained glutamate current and lowering the threshold for long-term potentiation (LTP). In rodent and non-human primate cognition tests it improved learning and memory and was reported as roughly 20 to 30 times more potent than aniracetam, with effects in primates persisting up to 48 hours after a single dose. Only the (+) stereoisomer is behaviorally active. There are no human clinical trials: safety in humans is essentially unstudied and the compound has never been approved for human use, so it exists only as an experimental research chemical.
Mechanism
AMPA-PAM (slows desensitization)
Evidence
Preclinical only (no human data)
Legal status
Unapproved research chemical
Receptor profile
- AMPA receptorsStrong
- Long-term potentiation (LTP)Strong
- NMDA receptors (indirect, AMPA-coupled)Moderate
Safety
Side effects, stop signs, contraindications
Side effects · 6
- No human safety data: only preclinical (rodent and primate) studies exist; the compound has never been tested in humans
- Possible glutamatergic overstimulation (anxiety, restlessness, insomnia) inherent to AMPA-positive modulation
- Theoretical excitotoxicity risk at high doses from the sustained AMPA current
- Possible headache typical of the ampakine and racetam class
- Unknown long-term safety and incomplete toxicity profile in humans
- Bell-shaped (inverted-U) dose-response observed in animals: more is not better and may abolish the effect
Contraindications · 4
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding: safety not established, avoid
- Epilepsy or lowered seizure threshold: AMPA potentiation may theoretically increase seizure risk
- Avoid combining with other glutamatergic/stimulant agents due to excitotoxicity risk
- Not an approved medicine; experimental research chemical, not recommended without clinical supervision
Related Nootropics
Same therapeutic category
Studies
Related research and clinical findings
7-Chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4 benzothiadiazine S,S-dioxide (IDRA 21): a benzothiadiazine derivative that enhances cognition by attenuating AMPA receptor desensitization
Zivkovic I, Thompson DM, Bertolino M, Uzunov D, DiBella M, Costa E
7-Chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine S,S-dioxide (IDRA 21), a congener of aniracetam, potently abates pharmacologically induced cognitive impairments in patas monkeys
Thompson DM, Guidotti A, DiBella M, Costa E
Effect of the AMPA receptor modulator IDRA 21 on LTP in hippocampal slices
Arai A, Guidotti A, Costa E, Lynch G
IDRA-21, a positive AMPA receptor modulator, inhibits synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptor mediated events in cultured cerebellar granule cells
Losi G, Puia G, Braghiroli D, Baraldi M
The effects of huperzine A and IDRA 21 on visual recognition memory in young macaques
Malkova L, Kozikowski AP, Gale K
FAQ
FAQ
Benzothiadiazine ampakine, AMPA-PAM, preclinical data only.
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Structure & chemistry
The information here is strictly for educational and scientific purposes. It does not replace medical advice or clinical consultation, and it does not encourage illegal substance or pharmaceutical use. Data is sourced. When in doubt, consult your doctor.