ApprovedFDA approved

SS‑31 (Elamipretide)

Mitochondrial tetrapeptide, cardiolipin-targeted protection

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SS-31 (Elamipretide) vial

WHAT IS SS-31 (ELAMIPRETIDE)?

Detailed overview

SS-31 (Elamipretide, Bendavia) selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, reducing oxidative damage and restoring ATP production. In September 2025 the FDA granted accelerated approval to FORZINITY (elamipretide) for Barth syndrome patients ≥30 kg, the first FDA-approved mitochondrial-targeting therapy.

Type

Mitochondrial cationic tetrapeptide

Structure

D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂

Status

FDA accelerated approval (2025, Barth syndrome)

Route

SC, naponta

Storage

2–8°C

Source

Placeholder, image later

Cellular renewal

The peptide acts on several aging fundamentals: telomerase activation slows telomere shortening; oxidative stress drops (Nrf2 / glutathione system); gene-expression patterns epigenetically normalize. Mitochondrial energy production improves, tissue-specific stem-cell activity is supported. On skin: collagen I/III synthesis rises, wrinkle depth shrinks, hydration and elasticity improve. Long-term, biomarkers (CRP, glucose, lipids) show younger patterns and epigenetic age can slow.

Tissue regeneration

Tendons, muscles, ligaments, GI mucosa and skin heal faster thanks to direct cell-level signaling: it activates fibroblast migration, angiogenesis (VEGF pathway) and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α). Chronic, slow-healing injuries see functional improvement; pain and swelling drop. Post-workout recovery windows shorten by 30–50%, allowing more training volume. Effects are documented even in enthesopathy, tendinitis and GI ulcers.

Data console

Lab data

/lab/molecular-data.jsonLIVE
> ClassificationMitochondrial cationic tetrapeptide
> StructureD-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂
> Molecular weightN/A
> Target area-
> Storage2–8°C
> Stability~30 days reconstituted

Research indications

Investigated uses and mechanisms

Cellular renewal

Telomerase activation; preserves cell-division capacity.

Epigenetic modulation

Normalizes age-specific gene-expression patterns.

Oxidative stress

Increases antioxidant capacity; mitochondrial health.

Reconstitution

How to prepare, step by step

Important

Sterile technique required. Use bacteriostatic water (BAC) only. Never distilled or tap water.

  1. 01

    Remove the vial and bacteriostatic water (BAC) from refrigeration; let them reach room temp for 5 minutes.

  2. 02

    Wipe both vial stoppers with an alcohol swab.

  3. 03

    Draw 2 ml of BAC water into a sterile syringe (typical for the 40 mg vial).

  4. 04

    Inject slowly down the side of the vial, do NOT spray directly onto the peptide powder.

  5. 05

    Swirl gently in a circular motion until dissolved (~30 s), do not shake.

  6. 06

    Wait for the solution to become clear. If sediment or discoloration appears, discard it.

  7. 07

    Label the vial with reconstitution date and concentration.

  8. 08

    Store at 2–8 °C, protected from light. Inspect visually before each use.

Quality indicators

How to recognize a pure peptide

Purity markers

3

  • Clear oil

    Clear or slightly yellow (MCT/sesame/castor oil), particle-free.

  • Vial integrity

    Glass intact, rubber stopper undamaged, aluminum crimp tight.

  • Label + COA

    Manufacturer + LOT + expiry legible; independent HPLC analysis on active content.

Use caution

1

  • BA/BB carrier blend

    Excessive benzyl alcohol (>3%) raises PIP risk; verify with UGL manufacturers.

Do not use

2

  • Cloudiness / sediment

    Floating particles, cloudiness, or sediment = HARD NO.

  • Damaged glass / stopper

    Cracked vial or loose stopper, sterility compromised.

Interactions & stacks

What to combine and what to avoid

GHK-Cu

Synergistic

Copper peptide: skin regeneration and epigenetic modulation

GLOW

Synergistic

Multi-peptide stack: GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500 for skin and tissue regeneration

NAD+

Synergistic

Sirtuin activation + epigenetic modulation.

Vitamin C / Zinc / B-complex

Synergistic

Supports collagen synthesis and antioxidant capacity.

Caffeine

Requires timing

Compatible with morning dosing; avoid late-day stacking.

Rapamycin

Use caution

mTOR-suppression effect may be amplified, consult specialist.

NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, ASA)

Use caution

Long-term concurrent use may blunt regenerative effects.

Alcohol

Avoid

Reduces recovery and increases side-effect risk.

Safety

Side effects, stop signs, contraindications

Side effects · 5

  • Transient irritation at site
  • Mild headache
  • Mild fatigue in first 1–2 weeks
  • PIP (post-injection pain) – especially propionate, trenbolone-ace, or high-BA blends
  • Injection-site reaction: lumps, redness, warmth, tenderness

Contraindications · 5

  • Pregnancy and breastfeeding
  • Active malignancy
  • Known allergy to the peptide or its components
  • Severe hepatic or renal impairment (medical consultation required)
  • Age under 18

Related Peptides

Same therapeutic category

Studies

Related research and clinical findings

Research
Genet Med · 2021

Long-term efficacy and safety of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome: 168-week open-label extension results of TAZPOWER.

Thompson WR, Manuel R, Abbruscato A, et al.

Elamipretide improves muscle strength and functional capacity in Barth syndrome patients.

PMID: 38602181Open

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MolekulaX Editorial Team·Source-verified · PubMed · FDA · EMA
Updated: June 2, 2026

The information here is strictly for educational and scientific purposes. It does not replace medical advice or clinical consultation, and it does not encourage illegal substance or pharmaceutical use. Data is sourced. When in doubt, consult your doctor.